Child Prostitution, Sex Tourism, Human Trafficking In Dominican Republic
Hypothesis Statement
The Increase in Sex Tourism in Dominican Republic has negatively affected the lives of locals.
Objectives
What is Tourism?
What is Sex Tourism?
What is the legality of Prostitution in Dominican Republic?
Has there been an increase in Sex Tourism in Dominican Republic?
Why are locals attracted to Sex Tourism?
What are the negative impacts of Sex Tourism on locals?
What can be done to reduce the impacts of Sex Tourism?
What can be done to reduce Human Trafficking in Dominican Republic?
Summary of Articles
Catwinternational.org "Dominican Republic Trafficking”
Stands for Coalition Against Trafficking of Women explore the vantage point of the prostituted Dominican woman abroad. Here we find out why and if they (Dominican woman) knew their fate they would have never enter such a lifestyle. Other prostitutes say how wealthy they have become and at times advertise their lifestyle to their country women in Dominican Republic.
Dr. Davidson, Julia O., Sanchez-Taylor, Jacqueline "Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism."
A research paper prepared for ECPAT these authors embrace the studies of how Dominican Republic has sexually exploited children, females, and males to satisfy sex tourists from North America, Canada, and Europe. They explore how it happens, who is involved and how the community suffers from this sex derived service.
Green, Edward C. PH.D “Contributions to HV prevention." Center for Population and Development Studies”
An extract from USAID report center for population and development studies, show us the staggering rates of sexually transmitted infections in Dominican Republic. It demonstrates de prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the population between 1991 and 1998. This document describes the percentage factors of children, females, and males with HIV.
Globalmarch.org "Worst Forms of Child Labour." Dominican Republic”
This article gives a full-frontal view of “worst forms of child labor, child slavery, child trafficking; adult statistics. The document also shows other relevant related articles were one finds national statistics of child pornography. Global march Against Child Labor campaigns exclusively about the mal-treatment of children around the globe and tries to correct the issue; by education readers on world countries alleged child crimes or abuses.
Godominicanrepublic.com "About Dominican Republic." overview of culture, History, Geography, Government”
Here you will find an overview of the culture, history, significant events, governments and symbols utilize by the national of Dominican Republic. This article give the reader relevant and up-to-date information of country.
Gvnet.com “Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery”
Illustrates us of how Dominican Republic changed from a major exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco but recently has become a sex service sector. In addition Human Trafficking and modern-day slavery has caused a chaotic challenge for those in governmental positions of power.
Onecaribbean.org “Latest Caribbean Statistics June 2, 2011"
The site of Caribbean Tourism Organization gives us the latest statistics of all the Caribbean countries. Travelers in this site are compared against the other nations of the Caribbean by monthly periods, market or place of origin, and by cruise passenger or tourists.
Unhr.org “2011 Trafficking in Persons Report - Dominican Republic”
The site describes the Dominican Republic as a source of sex traffic for children, women, and men who are forced into labor; giving a different perspective as to why this occurs. It explains the subjectivity and reasons the Dominican Republic has become what is viewed as elsewhere in the world; a Sex Touristic country.
Uri.edu “Dominican Republic Trafficking. Fact book on Global Sexual Exploitation”
This article gives us facts on global sex exploitation. A more in-depth look of an approximated number of how many females, males, and children are in the sex industry in Dominican Republic. It clarifies where the main concentration of sex workers from Dominican Republic are situated worldwide. This article also offers a glimpse at methods and techniques of trafficking.
Wikipedia.org "Prostitution Female, Male, Child”
Defines the difficult aspects of Sex Tourism, Human Trafficking, Child prostitution, Female, and Male prostitution. Historic events and why Sex Tourism and prostitution viewed as a negative connotation worldwide or for most countries in the globe.
Definition of Hypothesis Statement Terms
Tourism: Is travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes; such a movement of people is for a period of 24 hours and less than one year to destinations outside the places where normally live and work (Wikipedia.org).
Sex Tourism: Is travel to engage in sexual activity with prostitutes (Wikipedia.org). The world tourism Organization defines it as trips organized form within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination (Wikipedia.org).
Human Trafficking: Is the illegal trade of human beings for the purpose of reproductive slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or modern- day form of slavery (Wikipedia.org).
Prostitution: Wikipedia.org states that the “act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment is prostitution. It is also a branch of the sex industry and prostitution’s legal status varies from country to country; some nations may consider it a crime and others viewed as a regulated profession. Globally the prostitution industry generates over $ 100 billion dollars in revenue. Many scholars say that prostitution is the world oldest profession.”
Female Prostitution: Is the exchange payment of a female whore, escort, or prostitute for sexual encounter; this may occur between male and female or female to female. All escorts are not prostitutes. The word prostitute derives from the Latin word Prostituta (Wikipedia.org).
Male Prostitution: Sex is commonly assumed to be female; compound terms such as male prostitution or male escort are therefore used to identify males. Those offering services to female customers are commonly known as gigolos; those offering services to male customers are hustlers or rent boys (Wikipedia.org).
Child Prostitution: Wikipedia.org states: that child prostitution is. “the commercial sexual exploitation of children in which a child performs the services of prostitution for financial benefit. The term normally refers to prostitution by a minor, or person under the local age of majority. In many countries there are specific laws against child prostitution which may include people who are older that the local age of consent.”
Overview of Culture and History
There is no place quite like the Dominican Republic. That’s because its history is the mixture of an unlikely mixture of influences, nowhere else will you find a blending of European, African, and native Taino Indian cultures. Dominican Republic has an incredibly rich history. The walls and the cobblestoned streets of its Colonial City bear witness to its past as the first city founded in the Americas. More than 500 hundred years ago that Dominican Republic began to write its history. Peaceful Taino Indians, who spent their days hunting, fishing and farming, first inhabited the island. On December 5, 1492, Admiral Christopher Columbus arrived on the island naming it Hispaniola. This was the setting into motion, the meeting of two cultures that would later make Santo Domingo the first city in the new world (godominicanrepublic.com, par. 1, 12, 13).
The Hispaniola went through several changes of power for a number of years. At the end of the 17th century, the French colonized the western part of the Island; today known as Haiti. In 1795, Spain turned the eastern part of the island to France, leaving the entire island under French dominance. The colony returned temporality to Spanish hands, until December 1821; men lead by Jose Nunez de Caceres declared independence; however this movement did not last long. In 1822 the Haitians taking advantage of the weak military power and economic stagnation of the eastern part of the island took control lasting 22 years (godominicanrepublic.com, par. 15, 17-18).
On February 27, 1844 Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sanchez, and Ramon Matias Mella with help from other members of secret La Trinitaria declared independence from Haiti and the birth of the Dominican Republic began as a free nation. But on March 1861, the republic was annexed by Spanish hand until the restoration war. Political and economic unrest resulted in a United States invasion in 1907 that lasted several years. Various governments followed until Rafael Leonidas Trujillo in 1930 took power for the next 30 years until he was executed in 1961. After a brief taste of democracy the United States in 1965 lead a second invasion, this was the cause of a civil war lead by Francisco Alberto Caamano took Juan Bosch elected president of 1962 of office after just 7 months in power on February 27, 1963 (godominicanrepublic.com, par. 17-19, 33, 42, 59).
In 1966 a period of repression that lasted 12 years began when Joaquin Balaguer was elected president. A period of democracy was about to take place, in 1978 Antonio Guzman took office, following Salvador Jorge Blanco in 1982; however in 1986, Balaguer became president again until 1996. Dr. Leonel Fernandez was elected once Balaguer reign was over until 2000. A new candidate promising uplifting human’s rights and the economy was in charge for 4 years; Hipolito Mejia, was later defeated in 2004 by Leonel Fernandez who was again re-elected in 2008 and once more until 2012 (godominicanrepublic.com, par. 20-21 ,50).
Introduction
As is the case in so many countries which host both multinational corporations in search of cheap labor and sex tourists in search of cheap prostitutes, it is the appropriation and depletion of subsistence which strengthens the supply of women and girls whose economic desperation makes them so very exploitable. In the past two decades, the Dominican government has supported the redistribution of land away from the poorest. It has endorsed the government controlled sugar industry to shift into the hands of foreign corporations, and companies such as Dole Fruit company a U.S. owned company (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 7).
Dominican Republic has been viewed as an exporter of sugar, tobacco, and coffee but recently the sex tourism service sector in the Dominican has overtaken the economic largest employer which was agriculture (gvnet.com, par. 1). Over the past two decades, the Dominican Republic has experienced growing debt problems mostly due to falling price of sugar the country’s main commodity on the world market; unemployment estimated at a 23% rate and high inflation (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 1). Meanwhile, national, and international policies created conditions which generated a supply of extremely cheap labor in the tourist industry. Although, the Dominican Republic’s exports are, but not limited to gold, silver, coffee, tobacco, nickel, bauxite, and an expanding agro-industrial sector which produces for the larger American market and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank did not include strengthening these industries as part of the country’s recommended stabilization plan (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 5).
All these factors, with the combined pressure of foreign and financial institutions have forced Dominican Republic to find tourism for economic salvation. European companies have taken advantage of the generous incentives given by the Dominican government; ten year income tax exemption, corporate and local tax as well as duty free imports of goods not locally available. Since the Dominican Republic allows foreign companies to repatriate profits to home countries, wealth acquired by mass tourism does little to raise the living standards of Dominican people, whose average is below $1000 U.S. dollars a month; however pension funds and shareholders’ bank accounts in Europe and North America are benefiting successfully (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 2, 4).
The loss of land, business and job opportunities have created the overall inequality of the Dominican population. Women, children and men alike have all suffered from the acquisition of their family holdings due to oversaturation of the generous offers to foreign corporations from the Dominican government; however the Dominican people suffer and have consequently adapted towards new ways of living; for the worst, prostitution is the new standard of living. It is difficult to find jobs in work in Dominican Republic. Women traditionally contributed to family income through small scale low productivity economic activity or temporary seasonal work that did not interfere with motherhood. Poor educational levels that have in fact produced high illiteracy rates among women, children and men can contribute to the new form of sex tourism employment. It is estimated that 50 % of women are able to read and write, which means that few are able to support themselves and their children (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par 10).
One factor which continues to halt nations, especially those in the Caribbean is racism, and Dominican Republic still gives preferential treatment to whites or Anglo-Saxons. This factor could be one if not the most important issue facing the Dominican Republic as a culture today. As an ex-slave society, racism is heavily institutionalized; racist ideologies continue to oppress black people. Economic status in Dominican Republic is mostly connected to racial identity, richer Dominicans are white descendants of superior economic position, and poorer black descendants of slaves have remained in the lower status of Dominican society (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, 28).
The racial issue in Dominican Republic is an understated topic known but hardly spoken publicly by those in society. According to Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor:
such issues have not been addressed at either a political or social level and many Dominicans still buy into the racist ideology which keeps white and light skinned Dominicans at top of the social hierarchy (the intense hatred of Haitians who are commonly referred to as ‘monos’-monkeys- is indicative of attitudes towards darker skinned blacks people.) Many Dominican women therefore see ‘whitening’ themselves and /or their children as a form of social mobility. ‘Beauty’ treatments largely consist of hair straightening and skin lightening, while marriage to a white foreign man is often imagined to offer a quick route to higher social status as well as affluence for both the woman and her prospective children. (par, 29).
To consider oppressions that operate upon Dominicans it is necessary to understand the economic, gendered, and radicalized views of the culture. Such factors cannot be separated. Women are faced with a deep sexist society; black and women are more vulnerable because still their situation is affected by poverty and sexism, but also racism. This society is oppressed by a perplex web illustrated by poverty which also forces boys and girls into prostitution, and encourages black males as well as women to engage in sex tourism. There are approximately 8.5 million Dominicans of which about 3.5 million are under the age of 18 years of age (globalmarch.org par. 1). According to the World Bank 13% of children ages 7-14 did not attend class due to work outside of home or stay home doing household chores. Another 11% of Dominican children worked, and went to school which means that for one fourth of the population of minors is impossible to strive education needed to become more skilled (globalmarch.org par. 3). There are an estimated amount of 50,000 Dominican women involved in the sex industry overseas, it is the fourth highest number in the world after Thailand, Brazil, and the Philippines (catwinternational.org par. 1).
The Dominican women have a controversial dilemma that has developed by ethical and unethical factors; those who are in service for necessity and others who are to uplift their and families lifestyles. According to the University of Rhode Island:
The majority of Dominican prostituted women report two main objectives for being in the sex industry abroad; those with children said it was financial necessity to feed and raise their children; and those without children said it was to buy a home for their parents. The average age of women when they make their first trip abroad is between 24 and 28. The average education level was completion of primary education (par. 5).
Uri.edu, paragraph 2, states that the main concentration of prostituted Dominican women working abroad are in Austria, Curacao, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Italy, Netherlands, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spain, Switzerland, Venezuela and the West Indies. Some women are also trafficked to Spain, Italy, Austria and Netherlands. The Dominican Republic is a source, transit and destination country for men, women, and children subject to sex trafficking and forced labor (Unhcr.org par. 1).
Such demand for Dominican women abroad has created another critical effect; human trafficking. The Dominican Republic is a source, transit and destination Country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation and labor. A significant number of women, boys, and girls are trafficked within the county for forced prostitution and domestic servitude; in some cases, parents push children into prostitution to help support the family (gvnet.com, par 3). It is estimated that 50,000 women from the Dominican Republic overseas in the sex industry- the fourth largest number in the world, after Thailand, Brazil, and the Philippines (Uri.edu, par. 1).
The increase of sex tourism and demand from mostly European nations has catastrophically endangered the Dominican women. According to the University of Rhode Island:
All of the women were told by intermediaries that they would work as barmaids, in striptease shows, as dancers or entertainers. None were told about prostitution. Most, especially those with the destination of Europe were trafficked via direct route. Girls are lured into marriages under false pretenses, and then end up being prostituted or sold by their husband. Most women of the trafficked women said if they had known their fate, they would never have gone. Only a minority save money to bring back home. Those who send money are welcome home. Their new clothes, and jewelry, or their family’s new or improved house was an advertisement for (other) the young women to go abroad (par. 9, 12).
The male prostitution in Dominican Republic is organized different. Females are found in bars, clubs, and resorts; male prostitutes are mostly found on the beaches, streets and parks. Male prostitutes (commonly referred as Sankie Pankies) make their money on beaches in serving as deckchair rental, watersports equipment rental, selling seafood, tapes or trinkets, drug dealing, money changing, as well as prostitution (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 100, 101). Male prostitutes combine legitimate earnings with extra prostituting income to make a living for them and families. “Male homosexual Sex Tourism appear to favor Puerto Plata and Cabarete (both cities are tourists destinations spots located in the northern part of the country) as holiday destinations;” stories about homosexual activities in other parts of the country are mentioned but these areas (Puerto Plata and Cabarete) have a predilection for young boys living in or around these resorts. In addition, “Older male prostitutes suggest that they enjoy rather greater power and control in their transactions with clients than do female prostitutes” (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 106).
In Dominican Republic Child Sex Tourism occurs in two forms, in indoor establishments, such as brothels and both boys and girls working independently away from indoor places but within or around tourist areas. As of June 2, 2011 The Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) latest statistics show that from January-April 2011 there were 1,634,776 non- resident air arrivals in Dominican Republic. The CTO shows us that from January-April There were 440,152 visitors from the United States; 407,490 tourists from Canada; 439,926 European tourists, and 347,208 from nations around the world (onecaribbean.org). In just under two decades ago just over 1.5 million people visited the Dominican Republic as tourists each year. The tourist industry estimated that at least 60% of these tourists are German, 40% where primarily from North America, Italy, Britain, and northern European countries (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 113). This is an astonishing number of tourists visiting a small island, yet there might be a reason for this drastic increase of tourists after all; British package tour operators market Dominican Republic as a ‘couples’ destination, it is explicitly marketed as a ‘single man’s holiday by German tour operators, who many times describe it as ‘the new Thailand’ (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 114).
There have been many changes in Dominican Republic especially laws and regulations. Sex and prostitution are not an exception. Today prostitution is legal (the exchange of sex for money) but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal, prostitution is not regulated (Wikipedia.org). In 1994 according to Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, prostitution was illegal and the age of consent is 18, but child prostitution is a visible and growing phenomenon where at least 25,000 children of whom 63% are girls involved in sex trade. Today that number has increased.
The outcry for a free nation has collapsed, the Dominican Republic today is for sale. Sex tourism has overtaken family values, economic depression, and individuals’ morale. Dominican people have become more and more attracted towards the sex trade service of tourism because of the short-term benefits found in interchangeability of sex for money; and why not? There is little to no source of resources found in what was once the main contributor and economic foundation of the Dominican society; agriculture. The Dominican Republic’s history is scarred by the legacy of colonial mismanagement, plantation slavery and foreign intervention, a legacy which continues to impede the country’s economic growth (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 1). The different lack of governmental sponsors to promote its society has attracted the Dominican society to sell its self for money; children, women, men alike.
The new standards of my nation’s society are dismay, once a Catholic; Christian family oriented loving people have lost all for the greater of material things. Forceful marriages, exuberant lies of promising futures overseas turned both men and women to leave families, in search of the unknown. Most do not come back home and if indeed do is to show their glamorous indecent earned valuables. Children who are the least fortunate are attracted to the dream of leaving Dominican Republic at all cost to better themselves without the knowledge of what really is taken place with those who once left before. Children turn into Sex Tourism in return of an income and with the undeniable idea of one day finding someone who will take them out of their misery, while changing their life for the better; or worsts.
Resolutions/Recommendations
Human trafficking is one of the most difficult issues facing Dominican Republic. Families are displaced almost forever. Authorities need to vigorously prosecute and punish trafficking offenders, including public officials who comply with forced prostitution or forced labor. Who should encourage the identification of victims working abroad in countries identified for trafficking Dominican prostitutes? Who should establish procedures and guidelines to police officers and other officials in identifying trafficking victims and traffickers, especially those in sex trade? Implement referral services in Dominican Republic and elsewhere Dominican prostitution is recognized. Who should guarantee adequate services and shelter for children, men, and women who have been victimized by trafficker, sex trade or both?
The Haitian Government has asked to implement a forced labor and forced prostitution awareness campaign in Spanish and Creole connected to a hotline with operators trained to assist human trafficking victims (unhcr.org, par. 3).
The Dominican Republic’s government is solely responsible for the well-being of its patriarchs. It is unfortunate that it has failed to deliver the nation’s basic needs. Health, nutrition, education, housing, and employment are not adequately distributed to this population. Health epidemic such as HIV and ways of protection and / or prevention has been a conflicting issued between the Roman Catholic Church and mainstream Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention groups over the role of condoms (Green, Edward C. PH.D, par. 4). Sexual education is a key factor in promoting safe educated sex encounters. Municipalities within the Dominican territory should undertake an initiative to expand and guide the community about the health risk, and dangerous of sexual transmitted diseases. A mal-nutrition country lacks is most important need; food is required to survive. Almost 30% of the Dominican households are woman-headed and laws have led to a crisis drop in levels of food efficiency, so that subsistence in rural areas is barely guaranteed (Davidson, Sanchez-Taylor, par. 9). The opportunities to give back land to the poor are few, but foreign companies could hire those whom they have taken land from in exchange. It is the obligation of local government to implement satisfactory care of its residence regardless of their economic status. In addition this could also satisfy the housing problem affecting locals who were rip-off their lands for political policies. High unemployment or the lack of any work what so ever is a trickle effect; which means that all members of the household have to find work to contribute to survive, and strive. A jobless society will turn into violence, crime, prostitution, and illegal ways of gaining income to satisfy the basic needs for subsistence.
Prostitution should not be the reason why Dominican Republic tourism has boom in the last two decades. There are several ways to combat prostitution. It all starts with offering opportunities for self-development within society. Employment being the number one factor has to be promoted by the government first; creating such demands. Secondly a satisfactory payment that equals the task demanded by the job/employment received. Education trickled from the oldest members of society to the youth; it is the only salvation from poverty, ignorance, and self-demotivation to create upward mobility. Women, men, and children alike must be equally respected in society regardless of skin denotation; this is by far the most difficult issue not only in Dominican Republic, but in most of the Caribbean Islands.
Analysis
The tourism industry is recognized as the world largest and employer industry. The industry is very complex and has a vast scope. The tourism industry is a 24 hours a day 365 days a year’s none stop industry, involving the movement of people from all over the world. The Dominican Republic’s dependence on tourism for its economic development, if not subsistence will continue to increase in the short/ long term future. New developments are created in respect with quality of products, property, and ecology of the tourist’s destination within the island.
Child prostitution, sex tourism, and human trafficking are hostile situations that have invaded the country; Dominican Republic has to increment its tourism policies in order to continue to strive as a leader in tourism in the Caribbean. Without the proper management of the issues at stake the future of tourism in the republic is uncertain. Misrepresentation of the culture currently viewed as prostituted will furthermore harm the real experience and attributes the Dominican Republic has to offer its visitors.
The tourism sector in Dominican Republic should emphasize in developing instead of growing. Developing new ways to counter attack human trafficking; develop policies that will enhance the better of society, especially those who work independently as prostitutes both males and females. Children education, sports, community events should be developed to prolong the beauty of our future leaders. The act of growing as a tourism sector has harmed the employment sector because the government has tolerated foreign power to dominate the industry. Prostitution has replaced the reputable working class. Displacement of Dominicans word-wide has tarnished the values, morale, and living conditions of families in the country.
Work Cited
Catwinternational.org "Dominican Republic Trafficking." Dominican Republic Trafficking (1998): n. pag. Web. 10 Jul 2011. <http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/DominicanR.php>.
Davidson , Dr. Julia O'connell, and Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor. "Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism." (1996): 31. Web. 05 Jul 2011.
http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/o_connell_1996__child_prost3.pdf
Green, PH.D Edward C. "Contributions to HV prevention." Center for Population and Development Studies September 2003 (2003): 28. Web. 03 Jul 2011. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/677395/Faith-Based-Organizations-Contributions-to-HIV-Prevention---USAID-Health-HIVAIDS-Partnerships-Faith-Based-Organizations
Globalmarch.org "Worst Forms of Child Labour." Dominican Republic: Global March Against Child Labour (2011): 4. Web. 07 Jul 2011. <http://www.globalmarch.org/worstformsreport/world/dominican-republic.html>.
Godominicanrepublic.com "About Dominican Republic." overview of culture, History, Geography, Government (2010): n. pag. Web. 07 Jul 2011. <http://www.godominicanrepublic.com/rd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=398&Itemid=2&lang=en>.
Gvnet.com "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery." Dominican Republic (2011): n. pag. Web. 07 Jul 2011. <http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/DominicanRepublic.htm>.
Onecaribbean.org "Latest Caribbean Statistics June 2, 2011." Caribbean Tourism Organization (2011): n. pag. Web. 09 Jul 2011. <http://www.onecaribbean.org/statistics/2011statistics/default.aspx>.
Unhcr.org "2011 Trafficking in Persons Report - Dominican Republic ." UN refugee Agency (2011): n. pag. Web. 08 Jul 2011. <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e12ee8241.html>.
Uri.edu "Dominican Republic Trafficking." Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation (1998): n. pag. Web. 10 Jul 2011. <http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/domrep>.
Wikipedia.org "Prostitution." Prostitution Female, Male, Child (2011): n. pag. Web. 06 Jul 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution>
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